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Study Guide for Midterm 2: Note: You should be familiar with the following concepts at the level of detail we covered it in lecture. A good way to start reviewing the material is to read through your notes and the Chapter Reviews at the end of each chapter. Then work through the questions at the end of the chapter as well as those in the Study Guide book and e-mail me if you don't understand any of the concepts or questions. I'll be happy to answer any questions you have. Alternatively, you can bring your questions to class on Tuesday and we can review them. Chapter 6: Introduction to Energy Endergonic vs. exergonic reactions The role of ATP in cellular activities Enzyme function Coenzyme - what are they and what do they do? Regulation of enzyme activity Chapter 7: Deriving Energy from Food ATP/ADP - the effect of breaking and adding phosphate bonds Oxidation vs. reduction Function of NAD+/NADH The main stages involved in harvesting energy from food (glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain)
Fermentation The role of aerobic vs. anaerobic reactions Chapter 8: Photosynthesis What kind of light drives photosynthesis? The main stages involved in photosynthesis (light-dependent vs. light independent reactions) and the location of each stage in the cell Photorespiration - what is it and why does it occur? Differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants Chapter 9: Mitosis DNA structure and function in the cell The main stages involved in cell division (replication/interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) - what happens at each stage The main stages involved in mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) - what happens at each stage Karyotype - what is it and how to interpret the information contained in it (i.e. what's the individual's sex and how to tell if the genome is normal, etc.) Differences in cell division between plant and animal cells Differences in cell division between prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Chapter 10: Meiosis Haploid vs. diploid The main stages involved in meiosis - what happens at each stage Recombination and independent assortment Gamete formation (spermatogenesis and oogenesis) - know the main differences between the two processes, and the general steps involved only, not the names of each step. Chapter 11: Mendelian Genetics Phenotype vs. gentoype Homozygous vs. heterozygous Parent (P) and offspring (F1, F2, etc.) generations Dominant vs. recessive traits (otherwise known as "complete dominance", in contrast to the other inheritance patterns listed below)
Punnett squares (monohybrid and dihybrid crosses) Exceptions to the "complete dominance, 2 alleles per gene, one gene-one trait" inheritance pattern:
Chapter 12: Chromosomes and Inheritance Sex-linked inheritance The effect of having mutations on the X chromosome (how does it affect males vs. females) Inheritance patterns of the disorders we discussed in class:
Pedigree analysis and interpretation Testing for genetic trouble in a fetus
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©2003-2004 Dilek Sanver-Wang, MS
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