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Bio3: Lecture Final Exam Study Guide –
Fall 2006
Topics:
The
final exam is cumulative and will include all the lecture topics for the entire
semester, but the exam emphasis will be on the lecture topics for chapters 13,
17, 34 and 38.
- Darwinian evolution
- evolutionary processes
- conditions for natural selection
- characteristics of the various aquatic and terrestrial biomes
- the different levels of biodiversity
- plant evolution and diversity
- threats to biodiversity
- goals and approaches of conservation biology
Study
Questions:
1. Charles Lyell and James
Hutton both proposed the idea that geologic processes occur slowly and that
small changes can accumulate over time to lead to big changes.
How did this idea influence
Darwin
’s thoughts about the mechanism by which evolution occurred?
Go
through your notes and be able to answer the question above with all the other
people whose ideas influenced
Darwin
.
2. List and explain the 4
factors that can cause evolution to occur.
3. What is the inference
Darwin
reached regarding populations based on the following three observations?
Observation 1:
All species have the potential to overproduce offspring.
Observation 2:
Population sizes tend to remain stable
Observation 3:
Environmental resources are limited
4. Which of the following is
NOT one of the key points proposed by
Darwin
regarding natural selection?
a. More offspring are produced than can be supported by the environment.
b. The fittest organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce.
c. Individuals vary within populations with respect to their phenotypic traits.
d. Changes that occur during the lifetime of an organism are passed onto its
offspring.
e. A lot of the variation seen in organisms is heritable.
5. Being “fit” in an
evolutionary context refers to:
a. living longer than most individuals.
b. growing stronger than most individuals.
c. producing more surviving offspring than other individuals.
d. avoiding illness and death during childhood.
e. gaining access to more resources than other individuals.
6. Which of the following
people proposed the idea that evolution occurred through the inheritance of
acquired characteristics?
a. Thomas Malthus
b. Carolus Linneaus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
e. James Hutton
7. Broccoli and cabbage are
both descended from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. The
existence of these two vegetables is an example of:
a. speciation.
b. artificial selection.
c. natural selection.
d. genetic drift.
e. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
8.
Darwin
found that Galápagos animals resembled species of the South American mainland
a. less than they resembled animals on similar but distant islands.
b. more than they resembled animals on similar but distant islands.
c. less than they resembled animals in
Europe
.
d. less than they resembled animals from
Australia
.
9. Genetic drift resulting
from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called:
a. natural selection.
b. gene flow.
c. the bottleneck effect.
d. mutation.
e. the founder effect.
10. Thirty people are
assigned to live in a spaceship that is exploring other galaxies. The journey
will take several hundred years and will be completed by the descendants of
these crew members. The population on this ship when it returns is most likely
to reflect:
a. a founder effect.
b. a bottleneck effect.
c. gene flow.
d. mutation.
e. natural selection.
11. Genetic differences
between populations tend to be reduced by:
a. gene flow.
b. mutation.
c. the founder effect.
d. the bottleneck effect.
e. natural selection
12. In the tropical
rainforest, plants living near the ground level engage in intense competition
for:
a. oxygen.
b. water.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. sunlight.
13. Chaparral vegetation
occurs around much of the central valley of central and southern
California
. This biome is very similar to that found:
a. along the coast of
Great Britain
.
b. in the Australian interior.
c. in the Mediterranean region.
d. on the southeast coast of the
U.S.
e. in central
Asia
.
14. Most of the best
agricultural soils in the
United States
occur in areas that formerly were:
a. grasslands.
b. coniferous forest.
c. chaparral
d. tropical rainforest.
e. tundra.
15. Biomes are:
a. all of the populations of a particular species.
b. recognized on the basis of the dominant animal life.
c. a major type of ecosystem.
d. unaffected by climatic factors.
e. limited to aquatic regions.
16. The primary goal of
conservation biology is to:
a. estimate the total number of species that exist.
b. catalogue species.
c. maximize the land set aside for wildlife.
d. integrate human culture back into nature.
e. counter the loss of biodiversity.
17. Approximately __________
living species have been named and described.
a. 750,000
b. 80 million
c. 30 million
d. 1.5 million
e. 10 million
18. Habitat fragmentation:
a. favors species specialized for edge habitats.
b. generally decreases species diversity at the edges.
c. often results from human activities.
d. decreases diversity of species that need a buffer zone.
e. All of the choices are correct.
19. Small areas that exhibit
exceptionally high species diversity are called:
a. biomes.
b. endemic environments.
c. edge habitats.
d. biodiversity hot spots.
20. What aspect of
conservation ecology is concerned with returning disturbed ecosystems (as nearly
as possible) to their original state?
a. ecosystem augmentation ecology
b. biodiversity
c. sustainable development
d. restoration ecology
e. landscape ecology
21. List the four major threats to biodiversity and explain
why they are a threat to biodiversity.
22. Match the following challenges of a terrestrial
existence with the structural adaptations that plants have developed to overcome
these challenges. Each answer may be
used once, more than once, or not at all.
A. There is greater water limitation on land.
B. A harsher terrestrial environment reduces chances of offspring survival.
C. Water and nutrients are available in the soil whereas carbon dioxide is
available in the air.
i. _____ Development of multicellular embryos
ii. _____ Presence of stomata
iii. _____ Development of alternation of generations
iv. _____ Presence of a cuticle
v. _____ Presence of apical meristems
23. Which of the following plant groups has vascular tissue
but lacks seeds?
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Liverworts
d. Angiosperms
e. Gymnosperms
24. All of the following are components of the plant shoot
system EXCEPT:
a. petals
b. leaves
c. buds
d. stem
e. roots
25. All of the following are examples of modifications of
plant leaves EXCEPT:
a. poinsettia flowers
b. cactus thorns
c. succulent plants
d. potato tubers
e. pea tendrils
26. All of the following are potential benefits of
transgenic crops EXCEPT:
a. slower evolution of pesticide resistance in pest insects
b. improved nutritional content
c. crops that resist pest damage
d. decreased pesticide application
e. greater crop yield
27. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dicot
plants?
a. have two cotyledons
b. leaf veins are usually parallel
c. vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
d. floral parts are usually in multiples of 4 or 5
e. a taproot is usually present
28. Which of the following would NOT have been one of the
challenges faced by the first terrestrial plants?
a. water limitation
b. nutrient limitation
c. structural support
d. reproduction
Answers:
1. The mechanism for
evolution that
Darwin
proposed (natural selection) requires large amounts of time in order to cause
enough changes in organisms to explain the diversity of species that exist
today. Before Lyell and Hutton, the
Earth was thought to be about 6000 years old, which did not provide enough time
for natural selection to have been the mechanism by which evolution occurred.
However, the idea that geologic processes are slow suggested that the
Earth was much older, which then provided enough time for evolution to have
occurred through natural selection.
d. Mutation: a change in the
organism’s DNA. Most mutations are
very rare and harmful and don’t get incorporated into the population.
A beneficial mutation can spread rapidly throughout a population though
and change its genetic make-up.
3. Inference: Overproduction of offspring must lead to a struggle for
existence and only a fraction of the offspring actually survive.
4. D
7. B
10. A
13. C
16. E
19. D
5. C
8. B
11. A
14. A
17. D
20. D
6. D
9. C
12. D
15. C
18. E
21. i) habitat destruction – human activities are
destroying the habitats of species, which in turn causes their extinction since
they have no place to live.
ii) introduced species - transplanted species often explode to occupy a new area
and outcompete, or prey on native species, sometimes to the point where they
cause the extinction of the native species.
iii) overexploitation - consumption of wild plants and animals at rates that
exceed recovery rates causes the population numbers to decline and can result in
species extinctions.
iv) disruption of food chains – if the population numbers of specialized
pollinators declines, then the plants that rely on those pollinators for
reproduction will also decline. The
same is true if the prey #’s of specialized predators decline.
22. i) B, ii) A, iii) B, iv) A, v) C
23. B
24. E
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. B
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